But when the cavitation damage occurred (and, depending on the causes, the design of the flow paths, and the metallurgy, that might have occurred relatively quickly), we can speculate that the output from the pump(s), would have been some dual phase mixture. If such a mixture was being passed by the pumps at the time the FADEC requested a higher fuel flow in response to the increased power demand, it is possible that the fuel flow rate within such a mixture would be insufficient.
Sure, but remember that the pumps don't just have cavitation for no reason. There must have been an upstream flow restriction, and it is that flow restriction which caused the reduced flow out of the pump, not the cavitation at all.