The vestibular organs sense local acceleration, including gravity, so the astronaut on the way to Mars isn't going to feel the same as on Earth.
However, the gravitational field we feel in our own little part of the world is basically a uniform force pointing straight down.
What we'd feel in a steady turn in nil wind would be exactly the same as in a steady turn in a constant-speed moving air mass, so even though the body's sensing systems are relevant, crab, I don't believe they could tell the difference between the two situations.
It's the eyes and the slip-skid illusion that do it, for mine.