There haven't been many recently, certainly, but then there haven't been many programmes, full stop.
But Typhoon would not be "be the first successful CV adaptation of a CTOL jet in the West."
We still have the Sea Venom, the FJ-3 Fury, the Sea Vixen (DH110), and the T-45 to count (forgetting the various Sea Vampires, T-33s and their ilk), even if we allow that the F/A-18 is more than an adaptation.
As to the Su-33K, it's a minimum change navalised 'Flanker-B' with astonishingly few changes (folding on exactly the same wing, a beefed up gear, folding tailplanes and a hook), while the MiG-29K designation has been applied to two different aircraft, one a minimum change adaptation of the land-based MiG-29M (with a new landing gear and new tailplanes and an all-new wing)and the other one now being built for India.