So, for planes that rotate on takeoff (many donīt
Even most tailwheel aircraft "Rotate" as the normal takeoff procedure is to lift the tail into a level attitude early in the takeoff run.
However, can the plane actually run on ground at Vfe, or are there other speed limits, like tire speed limits?
you may indeed hit tyre speed first (175kt in my aircraft) but this is a purerly hypothetical question. There is no
reason to even contemplate being on the ground at anything close to Vfe. The absolute highest Vr s I ever see (Max weight, improved climb on a long runway) are aroung 158kts.
What are the typical g-s actually achieved at a normal liftoff
At a guess, no more the 1.1G. We aren't fighter pilots. Normal rotation rate is three degrees per second to a nominal target attitude of 15deg, so five seconds of rotation.
How is MTOW measured?
While it is usually not allowed, there are plenty of planes alleged to have flown overloaded... And I said usually... Wasnīt it the case that in Alaska, planes are officially permitted to fly overloaded?
Aircraft are wieghed periodically to determine an empty weight. What ever else you are carrying is added to this (fuel, crew, cargo, Pax) and the result is a Take Off Weight.
There are large saftey margins built into all the calculations, so you can (illegally) exceed MTOW and get away with it "Most" of the time, but you are reducing your saftey margins. There are some circumstances where approval for a flight at higher than usual weight (I know ferry flights are allowed 1.25 of the usual weight) will be given on the basis that the higher risk is accepted and it is a rare occurence. Routine operation at more that MTOW will increase airframe fatique and reduce it's life.
There may be some places (I hadn't heard itm was so in Alaska but it may be) where remote area operation leads to an approval with all of the above taken into account.