...it's caused primarily by the Government (or rather the civil servants running the Government's policies)
The real culprit is the EU's deregulation of the airline industry (which followed the US Government's similar move some years ago) that has fuelled massive expansion particularly in the low-cost market, throughout Europe, much of it in the UK at airports such as Luton, Stansted, Liverpool, Bristol, Birmingham, etc., etc., whilst the necessary infrastructure (airspace, surface infrastructure, terminal capacity) and processes required to create that infrastructure remain mired in 1970s-style bureaucratic red tape and protocol.