Each state is going to have slightly different rules, but the majority of states the following will apply:
1. That is correct. The officer cannot issue an immediate fine. Most often he will not even tell you what the fine will be.
2. Time between ticket and court date will vary a lot depending on where you are but is usually a couple of weeks.
3. Not appearing in court will result in a warrant being issued for your arrest. The unpaid fine will generally incur additional penalties and interest.
4. Common fine amounts will again vary depending on location. Very hard to put an accurate number on it. My one speeding ticket I got for doing 15 mph over was $95, but in some locations that is low.
5. Yes, you will likely get prosecuted for reckless endangerment over a certain speed which can result in an immediate arrest. You car would probably be impounded and cost you $$ to retrieve.