T/O segments and climb requirements
Don't you hate those numbers? Used to confuse me a lot...
Be extremely carefull on literatures. They sometimes confuse different rules and regulations.
An example is airplane of more than 12,500 lbs (5.700 kgs) MTOW are certified under FAR/JAR 25, while airplanes less than 12,500 lbs are certitied under FAR 23.
This cover only airplane certitied under FAR/JAR 25. The FAR/JAR 25.121 subpart B gives:
First segment
Twin - 0%
Quad - 0.5%
Second segment
Twin - 2.4%
Quad - 3.0%
Third segment
Twin - none
Quad - none
4th segment
Twin - 1.2%
Quad - 1.7%
I did not put 3 engines as they become less frequent, except maybe in business jets.
Segments mentioned are gross segments. Net segment are reduced by a penalty of 0.8% (2 engines) and 1.0% (4 engines).
The net flight path as to clear all obstacles by at least 35 feet.
Sometimes FAR and JAR differ. An example is obstacle during turns. The FAR regulation does not consider any additional vertical margin during turns, as the bank is limited to 15°. The following rule is then purely JAR-OPS (operation).
JAR-OPS 1.495 subpart G says;
"any part of the net takeoff flight path in which the aeroplane is banked by more than 15° must clear all obstacles... by a vertical distance of at least 50 ft."
In conclusion, always refer to regulations in which the airplane has been certified.
Hope it covers part of the puzzle.
Happy reading.