Regarding the crusty, highly experienced Captain wanting to descend below minima, the correct action in our SOPs would be to :
1) Advise Him/Her that descent below minima is a breach of SOPs and illegal
2) If the approach is continued, place your hands on the thrust levers and say " I have control,.... going around"
3) Sort the next issues in the hold or when re-positioning for another approach.
The question of who retains control after the go-around and when the a/c is stable again is a bit more ambiguous, however, on the two ocassions this type of incident has arisen, the FO retained control for the subsequent landing.
All the banter about crew room atmosphere afterwards, what happens if you have to fly the next sector together is a red herring if both people are professionals