Send Clowns is correct in all respects, despite his beer intake! The chlong between 8W and 8E is 16º, the same as the chlong between 8E and 24E. So we can divide the track into four equal parts – 27N 8W to midlat1; mid lat1 to 8E; 8E to midlat2; and midlat2 to 24E. As midlat2 is 30N, it follows that the latitude at 24E (F) is 31N.
As to the second question, Alex is quite correct in saying that "over the pole" would not be a rhumb line because of the change in direction at the pole. We must therefore use the departure formula, correctly quoted by Aim High, to get the answer of 5882nm.