Q1 You get 30º of inclination of the meridians (ie, chart convergence) in 40º of change of longitude.
Chart convergence = ch long x sin parallel of origin
30 = 40 x 'n'
where 'n' is the sin of the parallel of origin, or 'constant of the cone'
Q2 Chart convergence will be the same as earth convergence on the parallel of origin.
The arc sine of the constsnt of the cone is the parallel of origin.
Q3 The question has been removed. I complained to the CAA about it and they took it out. I will give a more detailed explanation if anybody requests it on this thread.
Your feedback is out of date.
Q4 In the northern hemisphere, the red end of the magnet hangs down because of the Z component of earth magnetism. Pendulous suspension is an attempt to correct this, but it still leaves the centre of pivotage (ie, the bit where the airframe is attached to the compass needle pivot) over the red end, not over the centre of gravity.
As the aircraft accelerates westward, the point of pivotage is dragged by the accelerating airframe westwards. This point is north of the centre of gravity. The resistance to the acceleration (ie, the inertia, as described by Newton's Third Law) will act through the centre, setting up a couple, which will turn the magnet anti-clockwise (draw it out, if you don't like it in words). If the needle turns anti-clockwise, it goes to the 'eleven o'clock position', not the 'one o'clock' position. This means that, measuring clockwise, you measure a BIGGER angle, ie, you get an apparent turn towards the north.
Can't your instructor answer these, Jinkster? If not, what are you supposed to be paying him for?