A full blood profile will cover most of the conditions mentioned above. The results generally come from the lab showing the readings measured against the 'normal' range. A doctor will read them and can detect possible problems.
For example, cholestorol levels are measured, as is liver function. Both can reveal either medical problems or lifestyle indicators. If you've been stuffing your face all your life with fish and chips, beefburgers, deep fried mars bars, etc, then you're cholestorol levels are liable to be elevated. Similarly, if you've downed 10 pints of heavy since the age of 13, your liver function tests may show an abnormal reading.
If you pop along to your GP or Practice Nurse, he or she will show you examples of test results (on the screen - it's all done by computer these days) and talk you through a typical test sequence. If you ask, she may arrange a full screening test - and give you a print of the results (you are entitled to a copy).
Me layman, but have come across this sort of thing before - talk to the experts. Knowledge is power!
By the way, there is nothing you can do to frig the results!