I'll answer a few of those questions. I live in the UK so my financial set up is relatively simple - for now. (I pay tax and social securty in the UK, not Portugal).
Health insurance is BUPA. It's available 24/7/365 for you and qualifying family members.
There is a pension scheme. It's very straight forward in the UK but the continental one seems to be a lot more complicated tax efficiency/punishment wise.
Instead of a percentage of your pay and you topping it up. You get a 60% match up to your input of €13K. You are able to pay in more.
UK permits the payments to come out of gross salary (hence tax efficient).
The questions about FOs pay etc is very individual and is dependent on many variables such as flight demand and what option the individual has taken.