Hey there
1. What time of year typically (if there is a typical time) do airline applications open?
Typically end of summer season, around october, however LCC recrute all year long, so you may apply anytime you wants, not a golden rule
2. What is a typical time of year for an intake (non-type rated applicants) course to start?
Beginning of the year, in order to be qualify for the pick season
3. How long does the process typically take from application to offer?
Depending on which airline you are applying for, between couple of weeks, to couple of months even several years on some rare cases.
4. If you've got any idea, what are the airline job prospects likely to be like for a 35 year old ex military with 1500 hours total, mostly on King Airs, with about 400 hours as captain? I've no idea if it's actually valued, or they'd rather just hire a 20 year old with no experience but a much longer career ahead of them, in which case should I be exploring other options?
I'm not an expert on that matter but some airline have dedicated recruitment for ex military like you, if you look a TUI for exemple, there is currently an open position.