Vessbot re #119.
'Stick and rudder skills' - like the FAA's 'more hand flying'; whereas the human aspects relate to the cognitive skills, the thinking required for flying. (Casner, NASA
http://hfs.sagepub.com/content/56/8/1506.full.pdf)
See the second part of
https://www.researchgate.net/profile...ication_detail
Paries considers the wider system issues. How many of todays Captains would benefit to the competencies of the ACCOMPLI project - page 15 (Revisit the enlightening first half of the paper at a later time.)
"
Proceduralisation and automation both try to reduce the uncertainty in the system by reducing variety, diversity, deviation, instability. But the side effect is that this also reduces autonomy, creativity, and reactivity. Increasing order, conformity, stability, predictability, discipline, anticipation, makes the systems better (more efficient, more reliable), possibly cheaper, and generally safer within the confines of their standard environment. They also make them increasingly brittle (less resilient) outside the boundaries of the normal envelope. We have to recognize that there is a universal trade-off between efficiency (adaptation degree) and flexibility (adaptation bandwidth)."
The underlying point is that most accident discussions (Pprune) focus on a particular event seeking to cure the last accident, whereas the industry requires (Paries);
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i) generic anticipation schemes, providing (common) sense-making frameworks of what happens, at a level of abstraction which is high enough to wrap around all the countless and unpredictable variations of real stories and
ii) fast and efficient implementation sketches and skills, capable of forcing the available generic schemes to fit the parameters of the day, under critical time constraints."
The above might appear to be a high level academic viewpoint; but when written by a pilot they require greater thought as to implementation. For this, current pilots are the implementing experts, but require a forward looking, systemic viewpoint, together with consideration how changes in the modern world can influence us.
Many aspects relate to situation awareness; perception, comprehension. Generally this is sufficient to identify the required SOP; yet SOPs imply an assured outcome; thus reduced requirement for the projection component of SA.
SOPs 'discourage' thinking ahead, being ready for surprises.
Also; in a very safe industry, training emphasis on SOP compliance opposes the skills required to manage the unexpected.
https://www.dropbox.com/s/9o7da1hmi5fsr0z/From individuals to the evolution of safety paradigms Paries +++.pdf?dl=0
As much as I agree with the 'theory' above, the practical aspects of modern aviation training involving human imitations of awareness, surprise, and memory recall, suggest that the avoidance of challenging situations is the more practical option.
"It is difficult to change the human conditon, easier to change the conditions of work" (J. Reason). Thus the focus of improvement must move from the individual to the system, the situation - operational, organisational, personal which jointly have to be managed.
The technical aspects are reflected by safety statistics when comparing generations of aircraft -
https://accidentstats.airbus.com/sit...dents-2023.pdf
Page 21 -