>The VNO was 167 Kts IAS. I never flew her
>above that IAS, because I never knew, for sure,
>when I might encounter unexpected turbulence
if the turbulence hits you at Vno, it can be too late. Have a look at
Vb and Va speeds..
>Why didn’t my wings or ruddervators break off?
because all V speeds are IAS/CAS, not GS