BSU, good points, sound advice
See the presentation below.
It uses the word ‘startle’ throughout, but the discussions cover other words and definitions which describe aspects of surprise elsewhere in this thread.
Slide 5 - startle magnitude, ‘false alarm’, could represent the level achievable in simulation. You can be surprised, but not deeply and not for very long.
Compare this with slides 6 and 7, which better relate to the real world.
Slide 9 - self efficacy indicates some ways forward.
Most of which can be developed without a simulator, and previously identified as qualities within airmanship.
http://www.icao.int/Meetings/LOCI/Pr...Strategies.pdf