As Goldenrivett says, at the time those jets were being designed (1960-70s), aircraft were growing faster than the airports they were being asked to operate from (especially with sales starting up to the developing countries). For the most part, wings and tails and noses could overhang the runways, but the
wheelbase had to fit into some tight corners and other bits of concrete/asphalt left over from the days of smaller planes.
BTW, you forgot to mention Concorde - its "nose" (hah!) gear is about 19 meters behind the nose tip.
https://www.heritageconcorde.com/airframe-dimensions
The Soviets were operating into really remote, small airports in Siberia and such, so in addition to spacing, they needed gear to handle rough surfaces.
And as stilton says, after 40-50 years of airport improvements, today's planes can focus on other considerations. Among others, a nose gear far behind the cockpit requires very careful understanding of the geometry of when to start a turn and keep the gear on the centerline and out of the grass (when the cockpit and pilot viewpoint may be almost over the edge of the next taxiway).
Aircraft manufacturers publish Airport Planning documents that give the gear turning radius, wing clearance radius, heights, weights and gear loads, door sizes and heights, seating arrangements, fuel needs, etc. etc. for each type. Plus a lot of the same info that goes into the operating documents (required runway lengths, climb gradients) -
anything an airport manager or her fire and rescue chief might need to know. And of course what operators might need to know in matching aircraft to airports.
https://www.boeing.com/commercial/ai...n_manuals.page