Yep in the Airbus its flap up one stage at go-around initiation then at accel altitude flap retraction is based on speed. It helps that all flap settings except Full are take off settings, so generally you're safe to wind one in.
Having learned to fly in a C172 its definitely best to fly it the way the manual says. I seem to remember you can fly the go-around in all flap settings except the maximum. To attempt that would lead to some interesting combinations of weird attitudes, high power, low airspeeds and high sink rates, along with an urgent requirement for new underwear. I learned that one the hard way!