I was once told that old Soviet procedures used 2 NDBs aligned with the instrument RW. With 2 x ADF receivers and a twin needle display, all the pilot had to do was to turn to keep the needles aligned. After passing the 'outer', the indications became even more intuitive - same after passing the 'inner'. Cheap and simple -
if the pilot had been properly trained and was in current practice.
But 2 x ADF receivers were essential for this type of procedure. In 1996 a US CT-43 crashed whilst attempting the procedure with only 1 receiver - see
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_C...AF_CT-43_crash .