The nature of the motion is more likely to cause long term damage, and may shorten the life of the components a little. Mechanical artificial horizons will "topple" in many aerobatic manoeuvres, although should self-cage within a minute or so of return to straight and level flight.
On the other hand, the more modern solid state electronic systems - I'd expect no problems at all, bar possibly a very short period of nonsense readings in conditions they weren't designed for (say, a spin or flick roll).
G