777X
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Quite a few years ago, I was flying (as a passenger) UK to Copenhagen, (I think it was an A320, but might be wrong,) for the whole flight in which starboard wing had no winglet and the port one did. The aircraft behaved quite normally as far as I could see, but my colleague was more than little concerned, and asked the pilot about it. He was told that it was quite normal and certified, and the only effect was a small fuel consumption penalty.
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Paxing All Over The World
Looking at the 707-321B and the video, one must ask what part of it's survival was played by it's 'heavy metal' construction versus how such a failure would affect the modern day airliner?
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And the failure point in the video was within a few inches of that predicted on the top surface ( compresion buckling ) a close match as it was for the 747 test , 767 did not quite go to failure,
So what do you consider a ' modern day ' airliner.
787 was not taken to failure- which is NOT a requirement anyhow .
And OLD B52 wings are still flying and they really do bend and bend and bend and at takeoff appear to ' flap "
All mostly aluminum with similar construction . .
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high capacity seating
Now with all those smaller long range aircraft around (not even talking the very small ones just making it to the market), you do not have to buy size to get range, it becomes much more attractive to buy two smaller aircraft instead of one large, it gives you much more flexibility with only minor efficiency losses.
Time will tell, and I might stand corrected. But I am sceptical whether size still matters and big is still beautiful...
planes equipped with winglets able to complete flights while missing a winglet?
See the crash of N652GD as an example for selecting the wrong speed in a failure case scenario (in this case one engine out, not one winglet missing).
So noticing that your folded wing is not properly locked at rotation with low margings (which today is the norm, due to flex power), may put you in a very undesirable situation.
If you always plan with enough margin, you lose the efficiency you just gained with the additional wingspan that your folding wing allowed...
787 was not taken to failure- which is NOT a requirement anyhow .
With composites it is a bit more complex anyway, as you have to consider an "environmental knockdown factor" for the test not done under the worst environmental conditions (hot and wet). So you do expect a higher failure load under test hangar conditions anyway, above nominal ultimate load.
the wing construction methods and materials have not significantly changed.
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Actually the materials have changed much more than the construction methods. Which is why some cynics state that today we build aircraft from black aluminum.
As to your comments as to taking wing test to failure being under debate for some time - please notify BA and Airbus that they obviously do not understand the risks, nor do the agencies involved, and provide a list of those aircraft that passed the ' no failure ' requirements bnut which lost wings in service absent a bomb or similar and crashed. To prove your point you need not lilst over 100 such.
And at what altitude do you claim the temperature is significantlty hotter than near sea level absent speeds over mach 1 for commercial aircraft.
SR71- is/was not black aluminum - it was predominately titanium ...
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at what altitude do you claim the temperature is significantlty hotter than near sea level
Uhhh how many ' ALL black aluminum " aircraft are flying since the707 -321 you referenced?
Yes, we learned our lessons about sandwich structure in rough commercial air transport environment. Yes, we had issues with bonded struchture. Yes, we need a design which is quick and easily repaired. And yes, some composite design today is really innovative (e.g. the CSeries/A220 wing produced with vaccum assisted RTM), or the wound barrel design of the 787 fuselage sections.
But a majority is still a metal design using composites material. We are still far from using the potential of those materials in an adapted design.
For example we use multiple load path design in metal structures for damage tolerance reasons. Composites material however is inherently damage tolerant, there are already millions of load paths (fibres) which fail individually, so the complete design concept could be completely different. We can embed structures health monitoring devices in composites layup (impossible in metal) to detect damage in service without the need for dedicated inspections. This also means we can design with significantly less access provisions.
There is still a lot of future ahead with respect to composites aircraft...
However, the hybrid 77X may tell whether it performs better in the end, compared with the all composites 787. There probably is a reason why Boeing did not change the fuselage to carbon, maybe the same reason why the A350 fuselage design is completely different from the 787 fuselage design (panels vs. seamless barrels), and why Mitsubishi switched back the MRJ wing to aluminum.
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https://boeing.mediaroom.com/2010-03...20295_1138-117
As to body - how many large autoclaves with several hours cycle times plus layup and bagging tooling would it take to maintain a high production rate- and then there is the making of carbon fiber,etc. probably an overall cost versus rate issue compared to possible improvements.
As to wet conditions- A6 REwings of composite have been around for over a decade..
As to body - how many large autoclaves with several hours cycle times plus layup and bagging tooling would it take to maintain a high production rate- and then there is the making of carbon fiber,etc. probably an overall cost versus rate issue compared to possible improvements.
As to wet conditions- A6 REwings of composite have been around for over a decade..
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A310 composite vertical tails have been around for some 34 years...
However, structural design of A380 and A350 vertical tails is completely different, so there are lessons learned as well.
Composites gliders are around for some 63 years now and CFRP gliders for 46 years. Lessons with respect to hot and wet have been learned.
This however is covered today by cupon testing in the laboratory, full scale tests are done in "as procduced" (= fully dry after curing above 100°C) and room temperatur, hence an "environmental knockdown factor" is applied. Epoxy resin absorbs a few percent moisture in service.
It would be interesting to know, how many design changes are between the 787 and the 777X wing, I assume Boeing has meanwhile learned something about the 787 design as well...
It is amazing how the aviation world has changed, aircraft like the A380 and 787 were developed "on the internet", both manufacturers published an awful lot on the web, you could follow the complete design and testing period. Topics like GLARE or would fibre barrels were discussed in scientific conferences and publications. For A350 and 777X there is almost total silence, you just see some high level marketing publications and that is it.
However, structural design of A380 and A350 vertical tails is completely different, so there are lessons learned as well.
Composites gliders are around for some 63 years now and CFRP gliders for 46 years. Lessons with respect to hot and wet have been learned.
This however is covered today by cupon testing in the laboratory, full scale tests are done in "as procduced" (= fully dry after curing above 100°C) and room temperatur, hence an "environmental knockdown factor" is applied. Epoxy resin absorbs a few percent moisture in service.
It would be interesting to know, how many design changes are between the 787 and the 777X wing, I assume Boeing has meanwhile learned something about the 787 design as well...
It is amazing how the aviation world has changed, aircraft like the A380 and 787 were developed "on the internet", both manufacturers published an awful lot on the web, you could follow the complete design and testing period. Topics like GLARE or would fibre barrels were discussed in scientific conferences and publications. For A350 and 777X there is almost total silence, you just see some high level marketing publications and that is it.
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I'm no aircraft designer, but the direction of the folding wing puzzles me. Wouldn't it be better for the wing to fold down so airflow in flight can keep it securely locked?
There is no F50 type rating on a FAA licence https://registry.faa.gov/TypeRatings/
But, as I'm sure you're aware, a type rating and a Type Certificate are two completely different things. The discussion was about the latter.
If not, would there be a "warning" to fold them?
