TERPS versus PANS OPS
 

Hi everyone,

Until recently I have always flown in parts of the world using PANS OPS designed approach charts, however recently have come across regions with TERPS design. I hope this is not a dumb question but here goes.

TERPS dont seem to describe holding entry. PANS OPS describe Sector 1, 2 or 3 entry types depending on final heading to the holding fix. Is there a TERPS equivalent? or is it not necessary as arrival is under radar control or feeder routes are always published to the IAF? Also MSA is described as an “emergency” minimum altitude? Having flown in a lot of non radar airspace we have always used MSA routinely for descent, holding entry prior to commencing an instrument approach. Why the reference to MSA being an emergency altitude in TERPS? Is this because under normal circumstances radar vectors or feeder routes provide descent guidance and MSA is not referenced unless in an emergency and ATC Radar is out etc?

Can anyone refer to any written material that describes the differences between PANS OPS and TERPS?

Thank you in advance.