USN T-45 Grounded After Pilots Strike
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'Bevo' you may be familiar with the Sea Venom OR Macchi MB326H oxygen systems which mixed pressurized cabin air and oxygen. The RNZAF A-4K KAHU update changed the LOX system to one similar to the above systems (with same mask) as indicated in attached GIF graphic & now PDF page from the RNZAF KAHU 'NATOPS'/flight manual.
Last edited by SpazSinbad; 10th Jun 2017 at 09:19. Reason: + PDF Page
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'Bevo' you may be familiar with the Sea Venom OR Macchi MB326H oxygen systems which mixed pressurized cabin air and oxygen. The RNZAF A-4K KAHU update changed the LOX system to one similar to the above systems (with same mask) as indicated in attached GIF graphic & now PDF page from the RNZAF KAHU 'NATOPS'/flight manual.
IF LOX installed then there are other issues for pilots such as Pure Oxygen Under Pressure “absorption atelectasis”
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The KIWI A-4K KAHU LOX change was from the earlier A-4 wide AFAIK LOX system which was 'pure oxygen under pressure' - no cabin air dilution. This is the system being contemplated perhaps however no details have been provided AFAIK. From what I have read and seen in online forums the KAHU LOX system with cabin air dilution was good. I myself flew the Sea Venom & Macchi MB326H systems (including A4G LOX system). Personally the A-4 LOX system was not problematic and I coughed (with “absorption atelectasis”) only a few times however I was constantly VALSALVERING on the ground as were all the other A4G pilots. It could get painful at night until ears cleared with the maneuver. Attached are 3 pages about the LOX system in an A4G from the A-4E/F/G NATOPS manual + 4 pages from the RAN/RAAF Macchi MB326H flight manual about the oxygen system therein.
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The two Navy aircraft I flew, the F/A-18A and the F-14A, both had a system similar to the A4G. I very seldom had problems and those were mainly having my ears “pop” sometime after flight.
I never really understood why the US Navy did not use the diluter demand system type system. I believe I was told at one time that they used the constant O2 without dilution because of the ability to breathe in the water after ditching. I find that hard to believe as both the above aircraft had a small emergency oxygen bottle as part of the ejection seat which would have been available for those circumstances.
I never really understood why the US Navy did not use the diluter demand system type system. I believe I was told at one time that they used the constant O2 without dilution because of the ability to breathe in the water after ditching. I find that hard to believe as both the above aircraft had a small emergency oxygen bottle as part of the ejection seat which would have been available for those circumstances.
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Cannot fathom the USN choice either as the LOX system had many dangers (not all cited in this forum). When new a few pilots from the prop era lit up ciggies in the cockpit only to be burnt to a crisp. My A4G instructor demonstrated the 'flame' effect by hoping out after flight to go off a safe distance to then light up a cigarette and blow through it producing a prodigious flame - this same demo cited in a classroom lecture in USofA.
The first A4G lost from a cold catapult shot had the pilot go in (with canopy jettisoned) underwater breathing that emergency oxy whilst MELBOURNE passed overhead as he scraped down the side still sinking. Once he heard the screws go by he left the cockpit and the emergency oxy behind, inflating mae west to 'pop up' behind the carrier only a little worse for wear.
Attached is a 3 page PDF about potential 'air-mix' system for A4Gs after a fatal TA4G crash at sea with particular pilot LEUT Ralph McMillan suffering badly from 'the cough' which had been investigated earlier by our resident 'A4G flying doctor' LEUT Michael Flynn.
The first A4G lost from a cold catapult shot had the pilot go in (with canopy jettisoned) underwater breathing that emergency oxy whilst MELBOURNE passed overhead as he scraped down the side still sinking. Once he heard the screws go by he left the cockpit and the emergency oxy behind, inflating mae west to 'pop up' behind the carrier only a little worse for wear.
Attached is a 3 page PDF about potential 'air-mix' system for A4Gs after a fatal TA4G crash at sea with particular pilot LEUT Ralph McMillan suffering badly from 'the cough' which had been investigated earlier by our resident 'A4G flying doctor' LEUT Michael Flynn.
Last edited by SpazSinbad; 11th Jun 2017 at 01:41. Reason: add PDF
During my time Sinbad, a change to the Kahu system was contemplated. We went so far as to discuss it with the Kiwi pilots and engineers at squadron level.
The change never happened probably for something as prosaic as having too many A13 masks in stock.
Personally, once I learnt the A4 cough, and developed the yawn and pop on the walk in to the hangar, I was never bothered by the LOX under constant flow. Only problem was the little oxy burn beside my nose while at sea (with beard to save water).
The change never happened probably for something as prosaic as having too many A13 masks in stock.
Personally, once I learnt the A4 cough, and developed the yawn and pop on the walk in to the hangar, I was never bothered by the LOX under constant flow. Only problem was the little oxy burn beside my nose while at sea (with beard to save water).
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'Three Wire' give me a clue about 'who are U' please. I can guess (not here) but anyway your beard probably helped with 'some cabin air' nestpas? You shoulda smoked - that would help with the nasal burn. :-)
Good to know the change was contemplated (as indicated in the 'SKULL' report) but I was out by mid 1975 so did not hear anything further until seeing that report from the National Archive a few years ago now.
Changing to 'mix-air' and having the Thomson-Ferranti Gyro Gunsight would have been nice changes - but beanie counters always win - sadly.
Oxygenation of soft tissue was more rapid at altitude, my ear popping could wake me after midnight with some pain. LESSON: 'Go Low & Go Slow'
(sounds like the current RAN FAA motto). 
Good to know the change was contemplated (as indicated in the 'SKULL' report) but I was out by mid 1975 so did not hear anything further until seeing that report from the National Archive a few years ago now.
Changing to 'mix-air' and having the Thomson-Ferranti Gyro Gunsight would have been nice changes - but beanie counters always win - sadly.
Oxygenation of soft tissue was more rapid at altitude, my ear popping could wake me after midnight with some pain. LESSON: 'Go Low & Go Slow'
(sounds like the current RAN FAA motto).
F-35 now too?
"US F-35 fighter jets grounded indefinitely at Arizona base"
US F-35 fighter jets grounded indefinitely at Arizona base
Not all F-35s seem to be affected.
Luke Air Force Base northwest of Phoenix is home to the 56th Fighter Wing. The base cancelled local flying operations for its F-35A Lightning II aircraft due to five incidents in which pilots experienced symptoms resembling hypoxia, or oxygen deprivation, the Air Force spokesman, Captain Mark Graff, said at the Pentagon on Friday.
Not all F-35s seem to be affected.
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Gos Hawk (geddit) problems continue - no cough but.
Navy Student Pilots Enter 3rd Month Without T-45 Training Flights | Military.com
Still a mystery: http://www.janes.com/article/71401/u...ing-gas-issues
Navy Student Pilots Enter 3rd Month Without T-45 Training Flights | Military.com
Still a mystery: http://www.janes.com/article/71401/u...ing-gas-issues
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"US F-35 fighter jets grounded indefinitely at Arizona base"
US F-35 fighter jets grounded indefinitely at Arizona base
Not all F-35s seem to be affected.
US F-35 fighter jets grounded indefinitely at Arizona base
Not all F-35s seem to be affected.
Remember the Official USAF policy to those who "decry" the "project"...
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DECRY is that like DECAF all barque & no bight? BUTT anyways...
Aviation Leaders Still Unsure Why Marines Not Facing Same Hypoxia Issues as Navy, Air Force 14 Jun 2017 Megan Eckstein
Aviation Leaders Still Unsure Why Marines Not Facing Same Hypoxia Issues as Navy, Air Force 14 Jun 2017 Megan Eckstein
"The armed services are still unsure why Navy and Air Force pilots are struggling with their Onboard Oxygen Generation System (OBOGS) while the Marine Corps – which uses the exact same systems – has had no problems, the Marines’ top aviator told reporters. Not a single naval flight student has flown since late March, after a spike in troubles with the T-45C Goshawk trainer aircraft that led to hypoxia, when the pilot receives either a lack of oxygen or contaminated oxygen....
...Lt. Gen. Jon Davis, deputy commandant of the Marine Corps for aviation, told reporters after a Senate Armed Services seapower subcommittee hearing on Tuesday that the Marine Corps has had zero instances of hypoxia with its F-35Bs or with its AV-8B Harriers, which use the same OBOGS as the T-45C.
“Nothing on the B right now, so we’re not suspending flight ops. We’re watching very closely what’s going on in the Air Force, understanding – almost like the same OBOGS onboard oxygen generating system that’s in the T-45 is in the Harrier, we have no problems in the Harrier. So it’s one of those things [Naval Air Systems Command] is looking at; is it because we’re pulling air from a different part of the motor? So looking at that, understanding what the differences are. But we haven’t had any problems with OBOGS.”
Asked by USNI News if the Marines maintain or operate their OBOGS differently than their sister services, Davis replied, “we are looking at all that.” He noted that not all Air Force F-35A squadrons have experienced problems, just those at Luke AFB, so it would take time to understand what is creating that situation....
...Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) is conducting a PE Review on behalf of the Navy and Marine Corps, but NAVAIR Commander Vice Adm. Paul Grosklags said in the hearing that “we’re not doing well on the diagnosis” of the problem. He noted that NAVAIR is simultaneously looking for the root cause and pursuing 10 to 12 “alerting and protective measures” that would make it safe for students to return to the T-45 even without understanding why the OBOGS is failing.
“It is our plan that once we are comfortable that we’ve got those individual items all in place for every single aircraft and air crew down at CNATRA (Chief of Naval Air Training), that is the point where we will consider resuming the training syllabus,” Grosklags told the subcommittee, adding that he hoped that would happen in a matter of weeks rather than months but that a bit more testing of some of the items was still needed.
Finding the root cause of the problem has been a much less successful endeavor so far, though.
“To date we have been unable to find any smoking guns. For T-45s specifically … to date we have not been able to discover a toxin or a contaminant in the breathing gas despite our testing,” the vice admiral said.
“We have taken several of the aircraft from CNATRA, from the training squadron, brought them up to [Naval Air Station Patuxent River] and we have torn some of them apart, to the extent that we took every component in that gas path, that breathing gas path if you will, on the aircraft, starting with the engine and going to the entire system, inspecting all the piping in between, all the way up to the mask and the vest that the aircrew wear. We’ve subjected each one of those individual components to extremes of testing, extremes of environmental conditions in excess of what we would ever expect to see in the aircraft, and we still have not been able to find what we would consider a proximate cause of contamination or something being released into that gas path. We are also doing testing at the system level, we are flying entire aircraft – again, these are aircraft that had issues down at CNATRA – we’re flying entire aircraft with additional instrumentation on the aircraft trying to detect some in-flight real-time. To date we have not been able to find that root cause.”..."
https://news.usni.org/2017/06/14/avi...navy-air-force
...Lt. Gen. Jon Davis, deputy commandant of the Marine Corps for aviation, told reporters after a Senate Armed Services seapower subcommittee hearing on Tuesday that the Marine Corps has had zero instances of hypoxia with its F-35Bs or with its AV-8B Harriers, which use the same OBOGS as the T-45C.
“Nothing on the B right now, so we’re not suspending flight ops. We’re watching very closely what’s going on in the Air Force, understanding – almost like the same OBOGS onboard oxygen generating system that’s in the T-45 is in the Harrier, we have no problems in the Harrier. So it’s one of those things [Naval Air Systems Command] is looking at; is it because we’re pulling air from a different part of the motor? So looking at that, understanding what the differences are. But we haven’t had any problems with OBOGS.”
Asked by USNI News if the Marines maintain or operate their OBOGS differently than their sister services, Davis replied, “we are looking at all that.” He noted that not all Air Force F-35A squadrons have experienced problems, just those at Luke AFB, so it would take time to understand what is creating that situation....
...Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR) is conducting a PE Review on behalf of the Navy and Marine Corps, but NAVAIR Commander Vice Adm. Paul Grosklags said in the hearing that “we’re not doing well on the diagnosis” of the problem. He noted that NAVAIR is simultaneously looking for the root cause and pursuing 10 to 12 “alerting and protective measures” that would make it safe for students to return to the T-45 even without understanding why the OBOGS is failing.
“It is our plan that once we are comfortable that we’ve got those individual items all in place for every single aircraft and air crew down at CNATRA (Chief of Naval Air Training), that is the point where we will consider resuming the training syllabus,” Grosklags told the subcommittee, adding that he hoped that would happen in a matter of weeks rather than months but that a bit more testing of some of the items was still needed.
Finding the root cause of the problem has been a much less successful endeavor so far, though.
“To date we have been unable to find any smoking guns. For T-45s specifically … to date we have not been able to discover a toxin or a contaminant in the breathing gas despite our testing,” the vice admiral said.
“We have taken several of the aircraft from CNATRA, from the training squadron, brought them up to [Naval Air Station Patuxent River] and we have torn some of them apart, to the extent that we took every component in that gas path, that breathing gas path if you will, on the aircraft, starting with the engine and going to the entire system, inspecting all the piping in between, all the way up to the mask and the vest that the aircrew wear. We’ve subjected each one of those individual components to extremes of testing, extremes of environmental conditions in excess of what we would ever expect to see in the aircraft, and we still have not been able to find what we would consider a proximate cause of contamination or something being released into that gas path. We are also doing testing at the system level, we are flying entire aircraft – again, these are aircraft that had issues down at CNATRA – we’re flying entire aircraft with additional instrumentation on the aircraft trying to detect some in-flight real-time. To date we have not been able to find that root cause.”..."
https://news.usni.org/2017/06/14/avi...navy-air-force
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Navy Can’t Find ‘Culprit’ Of T-45s Suspected Hypoxia... 13 Jun 2017 Colin Clark
http://breakingdefense.com/wp-conten...1-1024x761.png
"WASHINGTON: The Navy, hasn’t been able to process 25 prospective pilots for each of the last three months as it struggles to find the cause of what may be hypoxia episodes afflicting many T-45 pilots, has not been able to ferret out what is causing them to suffer from headaches and other symptoms.
Vice Adm. Paul Grosklags, the head of Naval Air Systems Command, testified to the Senate Armed Services seapower subcommittee this afternoon that the Navy has analyzed all the systems feeding air to its pilots in T-45s and has “not been able to discover a culprit.” So far 75 pilots have not been able to qualify.
You could see the frustration on the admiral’s face as he spoke. Problems like this can be very difficult to figure out — it took the Air Force several years before it reliably demonstrated it had fixed hypoxia problems with the F-22 — and, as you can see from the chart below, there have been sharp increases in reported incidents since 2014 for the T-45s and all but one of the F-18 models.
Even so, Grosklags told the subcommittee he thought pilots would be back to flight training in “weeks, not months” thanks to an array of prophylactic measures the Navy plans to implement so pilots can identify problems before they become life threatening...." Navy Can?t Find ?Culprit? Of T-45s Suspected Hypoxia; Mattis Pledges Afghan Strategy « Breaking Defense - Defense industry news, analysis and commentary
Vice Adm. Paul Grosklags, the head of Naval Air Systems Command, testified to the Senate Armed Services seapower subcommittee this afternoon that the Navy has analyzed all the systems feeding air to its pilots in T-45s and has “not been able to discover a culprit.” So far 75 pilots have not been able to qualify.
You could see the frustration on the admiral’s face as he spoke. Problems like this can be very difficult to figure out — it took the Air Force several years before it reliably demonstrated it had fixed hypoxia problems with the F-22 — and, as you can see from the chart below, there have been sharp increases in reported incidents since 2014 for the T-45s and all but one of the F-18 models.
Even so, Grosklags told the subcommittee he thought pilots would be back to flight training in “weeks, not months” thanks to an array of prophylactic measures the Navy plans to implement so pilots can identify problems before they become life threatening...." Navy Can?t Find ?Culprit? Of T-45s Suspected Hypoxia; Mattis Pledges Afghan Strategy « Breaking Defense - Defense industry news, analysis and commentary
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Getting some feedback here about the awfulness of the T-45C & Shornet OBOGaLOGs.
Navy Review: Oxygen Systems Too Complex; Reporting, Investigating Methods ‘Flawed’ 15 Jun 2017 Megan Eckstein
Navy Review: Oxygen Systems Too Complex; Reporting, Investigating Methods ‘Flawed’ 15 Jun 2017 Megan Eckstein
"A comprehensive review of the rising number of physiological episodes and the Navy’s response to those PEs determined the Navy’s oxygen-generation and cabin pressure systems are too complex for reliable performance, and that the process for reporting and investigating the root cause of physiological episodes is “fundamentally flawed,” according to the review released this afternoon.
U.S. Pacific Fleet Commander Adm. Scott Swift, who led the review effort, summed up the challenge of addressing the ongoing physiological episodes by writing in his cover letter, “this is a complex issue, one without a single cause, and therefore, without a single solution. The only common thread running through all of these cases is that aircrew were physically affected.”...
...The report also criticizes the OBOGS and the Environmental Control System (ECS) themselves.
“The integration of the on-board oxygen generation system (OBOGS) in the T-45 and FA-18 is inadequate to consistently provide high quality breathing air. To varying degrees, neither aircraft is equipped to continuously provide clean, dry air to OBOGS – a design specification for the device. The net result is contaminants can enter aircrew breathing air provided by OBOGS and potentially induce hypoxia,” reads the report.
“The environmental control system (ECS) aboard T-45 and FA-18 providing cockpit pressurization is a complex aggregate of sub-components, all of which must function for the system to work as a whole. Aging parts, inadequate testing methodologies and numerous other factors are impacting Fleet ECS reliability, inducing several instances of Decompression Sickness (DCS).”...
...The comprehensive review takes aim at the processes currently used to identify and study PEs in the fleet: from a flawed reporting system that relies on self-diagnosis, to an “engineering-centric PR mitigation effort in which potential causes can be dismissed without full adjudication,” to NAVAIR’s “organizational alignment that does not reflect the complex, integrated human-machine nature of the PE problem” and looks at each component individually rather than studying the entire set of forces acting upon aircrews....
...“We do not have a water separator mechanism in the OBOGS system for the T-45, where we do on similar OBOGS systems in high-performance jets. If you talk to anybody who studies oxygen systems on an airplane, it’s very clear that you need clean, dry air that is being delivered to the air crew in the right pressure and the right volume. Without a water separator in that system, we believe that there’s a potential for water moisture to get in there and not provide the effective dry air that could cause issues with the right pressure and volume. So installing the water separator is critical, so we’re on path to do that. We’ve got 25 or so that are installed and we’re on a path to complete that by the end of the summer, early fall. So that’s one,” the admiral told reporters today.
“Another one that continues to the water moisture in the line in the bleed air shutoff valve that is right at the exit point for the air that comes off the engine and starts into the OBOGS system. For a lot of reasons, years ago that bleed air valve was causing problems because it was shutting off without warning, those sorts of things, and so we either hard-wired them open or took them out altogether. So our analysis is we need to go back and re-engineer, redesign that bleed air valve so that it operates correctly and actually purges the system from water moisture coming off the engine. That is in the works and those valves will be delivered in a tapered way.”..." [PLENTY MORE AT JUMP]
https://news.usni.org/2017/06/15/nav...methods-flawed
U.S. Pacific Fleet Commander Adm. Scott Swift, who led the review effort, summed up the challenge of addressing the ongoing physiological episodes by writing in his cover letter, “this is a complex issue, one without a single cause, and therefore, without a single solution. The only common thread running through all of these cases is that aircrew were physically affected.”...
...The report also criticizes the OBOGS and the Environmental Control System (ECS) themselves.
“The integration of the on-board oxygen generation system (OBOGS) in the T-45 and FA-18 is inadequate to consistently provide high quality breathing air. To varying degrees, neither aircraft is equipped to continuously provide clean, dry air to OBOGS – a design specification for the device. The net result is contaminants can enter aircrew breathing air provided by OBOGS and potentially induce hypoxia,” reads the report.
“The environmental control system (ECS) aboard T-45 and FA-18 providing cockpit pressurization is a complex aggregate of sub-components, all of which must function for the system to work as a whole. Aging parts, inadequate testing methodologies and numerous other factors are impacting Fleet ECS reliability, inducing several instances of Decompression Sickness (DCS).”...
...The comprehensive review takes aim at the processes currently used to identify and study PEs in the fleet: from a flawed reporting system that relies on self-diagnosis, to an “engineering-centric PR mitigation effort in which potential causes can be dismissed without full adjudication,” to NAVAIR’s “organizational alignment that does not reflect the complex, integrated human-machine nature of the PE problem” and looks at each component individually rather than studying the entire set of forces acting upon aircrews....
...“We do not have a water separator mechanism in the OBOGS system for the T-45, where we do on similar OBOGS systems in high-performance jets. If you talk to anybody who studies oxygen systems on an airplane, it’s very clear that you need clean, dry air that is being delivered to the air crew in the right pressure and the right volume. Without a water separator in that system, we believe that there’s a potential for water moisture to get in there and not provide the effective dry air that could cause issues with the right pressure and volume. So installing the water separator is critical, so we’re on path to do that. We’ve got 25 or so that are installed and we’re on a path to complete that by the end of the summer, early fall. So that’s one,” the admiral told reporters today.
“Another one that continues to the water moisture in the line in the bleed air shutoff valve that is right at the exit point for the air that comes off the engine and starts into the OBOGS system. For a lot of reasons, years ago that bleed air valve was causing problems because it was shutting off without warning, those sorts of things, and so we either hard-wired them open or took them out altogether. So our analysis is we need to go back and re-engineer, redesign that bleed air valve so that it operates correctly and actually purges the system from water moisture coming off the engine. That is in the works and those valves will be delivered in a tapered way.”..." [PLENTY MORE AT JUMP]
https://news.usni.org/2017/06/15/nav...methods-flawed
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The fix is future... READ it all at the JUMP.
US Navy seeks next-generation oxygen system for T-45s 15 Jun 2017 Leigh Giangreco
US Navy seeks next-generation oxygen system for T-45s 15 Jun 2017 Leigh Giangreco
"The US Navy and industry will pursue a next-generation on board oxygen generator system (OBOGS) while the service implements fixes to mitigate persistent oxygen and pressurization issues on its Boeing/BAE Systems T-45 trainers and Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornets....
...In parallel with ongoing mitigation efforts, industry will install breathing air pressure warning for aircraft fitted with the solid state oxygen monitor (CRU-123) this month and develop a next-generation OBOGS known as GGU-25.
T-45’s current OBOGS is made up of Cobham’s oxygen concentrator (GGU-7), an oxygen monitor (CRU-99) and an aircrew-worn breathing air regulator (CRU- 103).
The CRU-123 is a digital upgrade to the current CRU-99 and will be able to deliver information on both temperature and oxygen pressure to pilots, Moran says. Cobham is looking at the redesigned OBOGS as a potential replacement for the legacy system if the navy’s mitigation efforts do not work, he adds. The effort also includes adding a larger capacity emergency oxygen system on the T-45 to eliminate the current way the navy uses on board oxygen today....
...Meanwhile, the Navy is sharing its findings on hypoxia issues with the US Air Force, which recently experienced oxygen problems on Lockheed Martin F-35As at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona. The Defense Department has asked the navy for information on the hypoxia study and will determine whether the F-35 effort should merit an independent or can follow on the navy’s effort, Moran says." https://www.flightglobal.com/news/ar...or-t-4-438277/
...In parallel with ongoing mitigation efforts, industry will install breathing air pressure warning for aircraft fitted with the solid state oxygen monitor (CRU-123) this month and develop a next-generation OBOGS known as GGU-25.
T-45’s current OBOGS is made up of Cobham’s oxygen concentrator (GGU-7), an oxygen monitor (CRU-99) and an aircrew-worn breathing air regulator (CRU- 103).
The CRU-123 is a digital upgrade to the current CRU-99 and will be able to deliver information on both temperature and oxygen pressure to pilots, Moran says. Cobham is looking at the redesigned OBOGS as a potential replacement for the legacy system if the navy’s mitigation efforts do not work, he adds. The effort also includes adding a larger capacity emergency oxygen system on the T-45 to eliminate the current way the navy uses on board oxygen today....
...Meanwhile, the Navy is sharing its findings on hypoxia issues with the US Air Force, which recently experienced oxygen problems on Lockheed Martin F-35As at Luke Air Force Base, Arizona. The Defense Department has asked the navy for information on the hypoxia study and will determine whether the F-35 effort should merit an independent or can follow on the navy’s effort, Moran says." https://www.flightglobal.com/news/ar...or-t-4-438277/
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 10 Jun 2017 USN
This Comprehensive Review (CR) examined the facts, circumstances and processes surrounding the recent Physiological Episodes (PEs) involving T-45 and FA-18 aircrew, including how these issues have been addressed...." http://www.navy.mil/local/pes/Compre...eview%20PE.pdf (6.1Mb)
This Comprehensive Review (CR) examined the facts, circumstances and processes surrounding the recent Physiological Episodes (PEs) involving T-45 and FA-18 aircrew, including how these issues have been addressed...." http://www.navy.mil/local/pes/Compre...eview%20PE.pdf (6.1Mb)
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Over the years I have given up my 'pilot' faskination with watches. RAN FAA had a good reliable easy to read large watch face & that was all that was needed then in cockpit - not even a stopwatch. Anyway today the range of watches - 'mazin'.
fēnix® 3 HR (more expensive at $550 but more likely given modes)
https://buy.garmin.com/en-US/US/p/545480 OR https://buy.garmin.com/en-US/US/p/160512
fēnix® 3 HR (more expensive at $550 but more likely given modes)
https://buy.garmin.com/en-US/US/p/545480 OR https://buy.garmin.com/en-US/US/p/160512
"...The built-in altimeter provides elevation data to accurately monitor ascent and descent..."
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Could This Next-Gen Cockpit System End Hypoxia-Like Incidents? 20 Jun 2017 Hope Hodge Seck
https://www.defensetech.org/2017/06/...xia-incidents/
https://www.defensetech.org/2017/06/...xia-incidents/
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Probably more info than any perplexed person needs but hey I'll look for a link to CRS report - huh - only two pages but lots o'links:
https://news.usni.org/2017/06/28/rep...ues#more-26487
https://fas.org/sgp/crs/weapons/IN10723.pdf (129Kb)
https://news.usni.org/2017/06/28/rep...ues#more-26487
https://fas.org/sgp/crs/weapons/IN10723.pdf (129Kb)
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Lawmakers Slam U.S. Navy For ‘Insufficient’ Hypoxia Response 28 Jun 2017 Lara Seligman
Lawmakers Slam U.S. Navy For ?Insufficient? Hypoxia Response | Defense content from Aviation Week
Lawmakers Slam U.S. Navy For ?Insufficient? Hypoxia Response | Defense content from Aviation Week
Last edited by T28B; 29th Jun 2017 at 18:27. Reason: complaints from members