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Belgique
12th Nov 2002, 12:41
I am not well informed on these matters. Perhaps someone here is.

I have a Canadian buddy (a Celt) who's a QC in Ottawa and an ex Minister of the Trudeau Govt - as well as being an ex RN Fleet Air Arm Pilot (James T Lyon by name). He’s also Chair of Canada’s Air Passenger Safety Group (APSG).

He's currently in a skirmish with the Canadian TSB over the non-release/inadmissibility of an accident’s R/T record into civil or criminal accident litigation (i.e. even though it may be verified copy and in the public domain, on a web-site say, he’s not allowed to introduce it into evidence – or even base questioning of witnesses upon it).

He's trying to establish what the actual Aust/NZ/UK/French/German/US laws are that apply to this scenario (possibly with the view of convincing the responsible Minister [and/or the Canadian Information Commissioner] that Canada’s philosophy, proscriptions and practise is wholly out of kilter with best practise elsewhere). I believe that he's contesting (or at least “reviewing”) a particular accident finding on behalf of a client (maybe the pilot, I'm unsure) - yet running into departmental obstructionism. James' email is [email protected] if you'd like to email him direct. I'm best reachable at [email protected].

I’m hoping that someone might be able to point him in the right direction with respect to existing legislation here, there and or everywhere…..on this subject. Failing that, anecdotal examples of particular instances may assist. He would also benefit from any info on FOI as it might apply to the subject in OZ, NZ and the US. To assist understanding of the problem, I quote from an affidavit:

9. “Interim reports issued by the Canadian Transportation Accident Investigation and Safety Board (“CTAISB”) are sent to selected persons or entities that have a direct interest in an accident. They are issued on a confidential basis, and it is forbidden to quote from them. It is therefore not possible to cite examples, save to say that those involved in advising or representing such persons are frequently told that information relevant to an accident has been denied them. This greatly inhibits their efforts to defend their own actions or to establish the truth of events.


The adversary processes of civil litigation to discover, question, and establish facts, and to make deductions or draw inferences from those facts is effectively denied to many involved in an aircraft accident. This denies them the ability to protect their own interests, and the text of the reporting is wholly controlled by the CTAISB, which is thus protected from criticism, because an observer cannot get at the original evidence nor make a public analysis of conclusions that may be drawn from the evidence, and even worse, from no evidence, or no evidence that is cited, at all.

Kalium Chloride
12th Nov 2002, 19:27
You might want to review the relatively recent case involving the Ansett New Zealand Dash 8 crash in 1995.

After the accident new legislation concerning operation of CVRs was drafted which restricted their use as court evidence.

There was a great deal of legal wrangling as to whether the CVR from the 1995 accident could be used in court.

The pilot was charged with manslaughter in March 2000. In the event the court ruled the CVR inadmissible. The pilot was subsequently cleared.

Cathar
12th Nov 2002, 19:31
The following extracts from Annex 13 to the Chicago Convention and the UK regulations may be of interest:

Annex 13 to the Chicago Convention

3.1 The sole objective of the investigation of an accident or incident shall be the prevention of accidents and incidents. It is not the purpose of this activity to apportion blame or liability.

5.12 The State conducting the investigation of an accident or incident shall not make the following records available for purposes other than accident or incident investigation, unless the appropriate authority for the administration of justice in that State determines that their disclosure outweighs the adverse domestic and international impact such action may have on that or any future investigations: a) all statements taken from persons by the investigation authorities in the course of their investigation;
b) all communications between persons having been involved in the operation of the aircraft;
c) medical or private information regarding persons involved in the accident or incident;
d) cockpit voice recordings and transcripts from such recordings; and
e) opinions expressed in the analysis of information, including flight recorder information.

5.12.1 These records shall be included in the final report or its appendices only when pertinent to the analysis of the accident or incident. Parts of the records not relevant to the analysis shall not be disclosed.

Note.— Information contained in the records listed above, which includes information given voluntarily by persons interviewed during the investigation of an accident or incident, could be utilized inappropriately for subsequent disciplinary, civil, administrative and criminal proceedings. If such information is distributed, it may, in the future, no longer be openly disclosed to investigators. Lack of access to such information would impede the investigation process and seriously affect flight safety.

The Civil Aviation (Investigation of Air Accidents and Incidents) Regulations 1996

Purpose of the investigation of accidents and incidents
4. The sole objective of the investigation of an accident or incident under these Regulations shall be the prevention of accidents and incidents. It shall not be the purpose of such an investigation to apportion blame or liability.

Notice of Inspector's Report and Representations thereon
12.—(1) No report which is required by regulation 13 to be published shall be so published if, in the investigating Inspector's opinion, it is likely to affect adversely the reputation of any person, until the investigating Inspector has—
(a) where it appears to him to be practicable so to do, served a notice under this regulation upon that person, or if that person is a deceased individual, upon the person who appears to him, at the time he proposes to serve notice pursuant to this paragraph, to represent best the interest of the deceased in the matter; and
(b) made such changes to the report as he thinks fit following his consideration of any representations which may be made to him in accordance with paragraph (3) below by or on behalf of the person served with such notice.

(2) The notice referred to in sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph (1) above shall include particulars of any proposed analysis of facts and conclusions as to the cause or causes of the accident or incident which may affect the person on whom or in respect of whom the notice is served.

(3) Any representations made pursuant to sub-paragraph (b) of paragraph (1) above shall be in writing and shall, subject to paragraph (6) below, be served on the investigating Inspector within 28 days of service of the notice referred to in sub-paragraph (a) of paragraph (1) above.

(4) A copy of the report submitted to the Secretary of State under regulation 11(6) above shall be served by the investigating Inspector on any person who has been served with a notice pursuant to paragraph (1) above.

(5) No person shall disclose or permit to be disclosed any information contained in an notice or report served on him pursuant to paragraphs (1) or (4) above to any other person without the prior consent in writing of the Chief Inspector.

(6) The Chief Inspector shall have power to extend the period of 28 days prescribed in paragraph (3) above and this power shall be exercisable notwithstanding that that period has expired.

(7) In this regulation the expression "investigating Inspector" in a case where more than one Inspector is carrying out the task of investigation means the Inspector nominated under regulation 8(10) above.

Disclosure of relevant records
18.—(1) Subject to paragraphs (2) and (4) to (6) below no relevant record shall be made available by the Secretary of State to any person for purposes other than accident or incident investigation.

(2) Nothing in paragraph (1) above shall preclude the Secretary of State making a relevant record available to any person where—
(a) in a case where that person is a party to or otherwise entitled to appear at judicial proceedings, the relevant court has ordered that the relevant record shall be made available to him for the purpose of those proceedings, or
(b) in any other circumstances, the relevant court has ordered that the relevant record shall be made available to him for the purpose of those circumstances.

(3) In this regulation—
"judicial proceedings" includes any proceedings before any court, tribunal or person
having by law power to hear, receive and examine evidence on oath,

"relevant court" in the case of judicial proceedings or an application for disclosure made
in England and Wales means the High Court, in the case of judicial proceedings or an application for disclosure made in Scotland means the Court of Session and in the case of judicial proceedings or an application for disclosure made in Northern Ireland means the High Court,

"relevant record" means any item in the possession, custody or power of the Secretary
of State which is of a kind referred to in sub-paragraphs (a) to (e) of paragraph 5.12 of the Annex; and

"Secretary of State" includes any officer of his.

(4) Subject to paragraph (6) below no order shall be made under paragraph (2) above unless the relevant court is satisfied that the interests of justice in the judicial proceedings or circumstances in question outweigh any adverse domestic and international impact which disclosure may have on the investigation into the accident or incident to which the record relates or any future accident or incident investigation undertaken in the United Kingdom.

(5) A relevant record or part thereof shall not be treated as having been made available contrary to paragraph (1) above in any case where that record or part is included in the final report (or the appendices to the final report) of the accident or incident.

(6) The provisions of this regulation shall be without prejudice to any rule of law which authorises or requires the withholding of any relevant record or part thereof on the ground that the disclosure of it would be injurious to the public interest.

Kalium Chloride
12th Nov 2002, 19:45
US National Transportation Safety Board abides by this regulation: 49 USC Section 1154 (http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/49/1154.html)

Belgique
13th Nov 2002, 14:32
Cathar and Kalium Chloride
Thanks, quite helpful.

For some reason the Canadians seem to have extended their strict embargo on the release of CVR info to the prohibition of entering R/T transcripts (i.e. non-CVR) into evidence. For instance, although this is not about Swissair 111, the missing 13 minutes that that crew spent NOCOM after an earlier frequency change have been denied to the public.

In the case under consideration however, the transcript is in the public domain but is unable to be entered into evidence. I wonder if this is because they consider any such transcript to be "hearsay" evidence. Fascinating - but frustrating for a pilot (say) if his accident might have stemmed from not being passed a relevant weather report (say).

Any further contributions welcomed.