43inches and Megan -
Abstract
Although several clinical trials are now underway to test possible therapies, the worldwide response to the COVID-19 outbreak has been largely limited to monitoring/containment. We report here that Ivermectin, an FDA-approved anti-parasitic previously shown to have broad-spectrum anti-viral activity
in vitro, is an inhibitor of the causative virus (SARS-CoV-2), with a single addition to Vero-hSLAM cells 2 h post infection with SARS-CoV-2 able to effect ~5000-fold reduction in viral RNA at 48 h. Ivermectin therefore warrants further investigation for possible benefits in humans.
1. Introduction
Ivermectin is an FDA-approved broad spectrum anti-parasitic agent (
Gonzalez Canga et al., 2008) that in recent years we, along with other groups, have shown to have anti-viral activity against a broad range of viruses (
Gotz et al., 2016;
Lundberg et al., 2013;
Tay et al., 2013;
Wagstaff et al., 2012)
in vitro. Originally identified as an inhibitor of interaction between the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) integrase protein (IN) and the importin (IMP) α/β1 heterodimer responsible for IN nuclear import (
Wagstaff et al., 2011), Ivermectin has since been confirmed to inhibit IN nuclear import and HIV-1 replication (
Wagstaff et al., 2012). Other actions of ivermectin have been reported (
Mastrangelo et al., 2012), but ivermectin has been shown to inhibit nuclear import of host (eg. (
Kosyna et al., 2015;
van der Watt et al., 2016)) and viral proteins, including simian virus SV40 large tumour antigen (T-ag) and dengue virus (DENV) non-structural protein 5 (
Wagstaff et al., 2012,
Wagstaff et al., 2011). Importantly, it has been demonstrated to limit infection by RNA viruses such as DENV 1-4 (
Tay et al., 2013), West Nile Virus (
Yang et al., 2020), Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) (
Lundberg et al., 2013) and influenza (
Gotz et al., 2016), with this broad spectrum activity believed to be due to the reliance by many different RNA viruses on IMPα/β1 during infection (
Caly et al., 2012;
Jans et al., 2019). Ivermectin has similarly been shown to be effective against the DNA virus pseudorabies virus (PRV) both
in vitro and
in vivo, with ivermectin treatment shown to increase survival in PRV-infected mice (
Lv et al., 2018). Efficacy was not observed for ivermectin against Zika virus (ZIKV) in mice, but the authors acknowledged that study limitations justified re-evaluation of ivermectin's anti-ZIKV activity (
Ketkar et al., 2019). Finally, ivermectin was the focus of a phase III clinical trial in Thailand in 2014–2017, against DENV infection, in which a single daily oral dose was observed to be safe and resulted in a significant reduction in serum levels of viral NS1 protein, but no change in viremia or clinical benefit was observed (see below) (
Yamasmith et al., 2018).
^^^^^
Worthy of further research wouldn't you say?
Wouldn't be the first time in history that one drug had amazing cross purpose usage. Lol even another small drug company, what is it called?- oh that's right Pfizer came up with something called Viagra -
The sildenafil compound was originally developed by Pfizer for the treatment of hypertension (high blood pressure) and angina pectoris (chest pain due to heart disease). During the heart clinical trials, researchers discovered that the drug was more effective at inducing erections than treating angina.