Air Superiority, Air Supremacy, Air Dominance?
Thread Starter
Air Superiority, Air Supremacy, Air Dominance?
The USAF says:
The degrees of control of the air are:
a. Favorable Air Situation. A favorable air situation is one in which the extent of the air effort applied by the enemy air forces is insufficient to prejudice the success of friendly land, sea or air operations.
b. Air Superiority. Air Superiority can be defined as that degree of dominance in the air battle of one force over another which permits the conduct of operations by the former and its related land, sea and air forces at a given place and time without prohibitive interference by the opposing force (AAP-6).
c. Air Supremacy. Air Supremacy is that degree of control of the air wherein opposing forces are incapable of effective interference with friendly air operations.
AP3000 agrees, in that it says exactly the same thing!:
Air Superiority. That degree of dominance in the air battle of one force over another which permits the conduct of operations by the former and its related land, sea and air forces at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing force.
Air Supremacy. That degree of air superiority wherein the opposing air force is
incapable of effective interference.
So what is Air Dominance?
The degrees of control of the air are:
a. Favorable Air Situation. A favorable air situation is one in which the extent of the air effort applied by the enemy air forces is insufficient to prejudice the success of friendly land, sea or air operations.
b. Air Superiority. Air Superiority can be defined as that degree of dominance in the air battle of one force over another which permits the conduct of operations by the former and its related land, sea and air forces at a given place and time without prohibitive interference by the opposing force (AAP-6).
c. Air Supremacy. Air Supremacy is that degree of control of the air wherein opposing forces are incapable of effective interference with friendly air operations.
AP3000 agrees, in that it says exactly the same thing!:
Air Superiority. That degree of dominance in the air battle of one force over another which permits the conduct of operations by the former and its related land, sea and air forces at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by the opposing force.
Air Supremacy. That degree of air superiority wherein the opposing air force is
incapable of effective interference.
So what is Air Dominance?
Thread Starter
Air Superiority and Air Supremacy's definitions both sound like domination, though, don't they?
One guesses that Vietnam illustrates a 'favourable air situation', while the Falklands and Korea illustrate 'air superiority' and Granby/DS 'air supremacy'.
Does Iraqi Freedom/Enduring Freedom illustrate Air Dominance?
One guesses that Vietnam illustrates a 'favourable air situation', while the Falklands and Korea illustrate 'air superiority' and Granby/DS 'air supremacy'.
Does Iraqi Freedom/Enduring Freedom illustrate Air Dominance?
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If you have Air superiority you then seek Air Supremacy. I have always understod that with both achieved you automatically have dominance. But Air Dominance is a term that I have never seen or heard of. Norman Schwarzkopf used the first two as his aim in Desert Storm though.
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Jacko,
My understanding (which could well be wrong) is that air superiority can be a temporary thing. An example - when a huge package is going into the badlands, the F15Cs clear out the red air, and provide air superiority for the period while the muddies get on with their work. However, when the package all goes home, then the enemy still has fighters etc that can cause problems at a later time.
Air supremacy is the next step up, when you've wiped out most of your enemy's air force and they're only capable of throwing up the odd aircraft to cause the occasional nuisance.
Air dominance is when they have nothing left, either in terms of airframes, or the 'will to fight'.
So in the Iraqi context, you might say that during Op Southern Watch, the coalition had air superiority in the southern no-fly zone during a 'vul' period, but perhaps not 24/7. During the opening days of GW1 the coalition had air supremacy, but the odd Iraqi still got airborne. During Iraqi Freedom though, with the Iraqis burying their aircraft, and when I don't believe a single one got airborne, you'd say that the coalition had air dominance. It's all in the nuance of the level of 'interference' the enemy can or does cause.
A favourable air situation would be one when the enemy are still coming up in numbers for a fight, but you can get the job you're trying to do done. eg Korea in Mig Alley perhaps.
I might be totally wrong of course, and ready to stand corrected by the doctrine gurus out there, but that's my take on it.
Single Seat, Single Engine, The Only Way To Fly
My understanding (which could well be wrong) is that air superiority can be a temporary thing. An example - when a huge package is going into the badlands, the F15Cs clear out the red air, and provide air superiority for the period while the muddies get on with their work. However, when the package all goes home, then the enemy still has fighters etc that can cause problems at a later time.
Air supremacy is the next step up, when you've wiped out most of your enemy's air force and they're only capable of throwing up the odd aircraft to cause the occasional nuisance.
Air dominance is when they have nothing left, either in terms of airframes, or the 'will to fight'.
So in the Iraqi context, you might say that during Op Southern Watch, the coalition had air superiority in the southern no-fly zone during a 'vul' period, but perhaps not 24/7. During the opening days of GW1 the coalition had air supremacy, but the odd Iraqi still got airborne. During Iraqi Freedom though, with the Iraqis burying their aircraft, and when I don't believe a single one got airborne, you'd say that the coalition had air dominance. It's all in the nuance of the level of 'interference' the enemy can or does cause.
A favourable air situation would be one when the enemy are still coming up in numbers for a fight, but you can get the job you're trying to do done. eg Korea in Mig Alley perhaps.
I might be totally wrong of course, and ready to stand corrected by the doctrine gurus out there, but that's my take on it.
Single Seat, Single Engine, The Only Way To Fly
I would suggest that any reference to Vietnam is invalid as far as using it for a comparison. The Rules of Engagement levied upon our Air Force by LBJ and the bunch of nimrods he had setting the policies prevented the Air Force from engaging in any useful aerial combat against the North Vietnamese Air Force. Air Bases were off limits, Migs were off limits, Migs had to be attacking and positively visually identified before rounds could be sent in their direction. Our guys had both hands tied behind their back and blindfolds put over their eyes by the LBJ gang.
Ecce Homo! Loquitur...
From the horse's mouth..
Air Dominance
"I would describe the difference between 'air dominance' and 'air superiority' as one of magnitude of ability to influence events in a given piece of airspace. For instance, when you begin to conduct any kind of a combat or theater-wide operation, normally that theater commander's first priority is to make sure that you have air superiority over your own troops, [which should] generally guarantee that you will not have your troops attacked. . . . The next stage has been called air supremacy, where you, for all intents and purposes, not only are able to defend your own people, but you pretty much dominate the space. You can operate at will in there. Air dominance . . . is a term that's sort of grown up in the last couple of years in joint doctrine. . . . Dominance to me is kind of an extension of the supremacy idea that says, 'Nothing moves or operates in that guy's airspace.' I mean, you totally control it. It's a step above."
General Fogleman, in March 14, 1996, testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee.
--------------------------------------------
An alternate view here:
"What the concepts of air superiority and supremacy lack is the consideration of the effectiveness of airpower to achieve objectives after an air force attains either. An enemy which has been defeated in the air may still prevent air dominance through a variety of means ranging from ground-to-air attacks to attacks on friendly airbases. The domestic procurement budget may also prevent air dominance due to a lack of understanding, hence funding, for any of the links of the air dominance chain".
Which would suggest the difference is in your ability to achieve your objectives after achieving air supremacy. This might be by prevented by enemy SAW concentrations, camouflage, use of hostages etc or by failing to have the types of precision or penetration weapons to exploit the supremacy achieved.
I would offer the proposition that we had air supremacy over Serbia, but not air dominance.
Air Dominance
"I would describe the difference between 'air dominance' and 'air superiority' as one of magnitude of ability to influence events in a given piece of airspace. For instance, when you begin to conduct any kind of a combat or theater-wide operation, normally that theater commander's first priority is to make sure that you have air superiority over your own troops, [which should] generally guarantee that you will not have your troops attacked. . . . The next stage has been called air supremacy, where you, for all intents and purposes, not only are able to defend your own people, but you pretty much dominate the space. You can operate at will in there. Air dominance . . . is a term that's sort of grown up in the last couple of years in joint doctrine. . . . Dominance to me is kind of an extension of the supremacy idea that says, 'Nothing moves or operates in that guy's airspace.' I mean, you totally control it. It's a step above."
General Fogleman, in March 14, 1996, testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee.
--------------------------------------------
An alternate view here:
"What the concepts of air superiority and supremacy lack is the consideration of the effectiveness of airpower to achieve objectives after an air force attains either. An enemy which has been defeated in the air may still prevent air dominance through a variety of means ranging from ground-to-air attacks to attacks on friendly airbases. The domestic procurement budget may also prevent air dominance due to a lack of understanding, hence funding, for any of the links of the air dominance chain".
Which would suggest the difference is in your ability to achieve your objectives after achieving air supremacy. This might be by prevented by enemy SAW concentrations, camouflage, use of hostages etc or by failing to have the types of precision or penetration weapons to exploit the supremacy achieved.
I would offer the proposition that we had air supremacy over Serbia, but not air dominance.
Last edited by ORAC; 28th May 2005 at 06:49.
Primary criteria....one must have an Air Force in order to achieve the situations cited above. An "Air Corps" may not be sufficient.
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Jacko
Beagle's right I think. I first came across the term when the USAF & Lockheed employed it in their F-22 pitch at the RAAF Air Power conference in Canberra in '96 - thereafter it was widely adopted as a marketing soundbite by all the well-known gunrunners.
Beagle's right I think. I first came across the term when the USAF & Lockheed employed it in their F-22 pitch at the RAAF Air Power conference in Canberra in '96 - thereafter it was widely adopted as a marketing soundbite by all the well-known gunrunners.
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SASless..I think I get your last point..but a small technical point.
You state that an Air Force might be required as an Air Corps might not be sufficient.
A Corps (in this sense - as opposed to a formation between a division and an Army) by definition is a structured military organisation / body of men (et al women ..PC) with specific specialisation - flying.
Ergo it can be as large a structure as you require it. So by definition an entire Air Corps could achieve dominance, superiority or supremacy.
Was not the US Army Air "Corps" made up of smaller Air "Forces"? Until there was a need to diferentiate the new USAF (circa 1950's) from its Army origins - the name was cosmetically changed.
The UK had a Army Royal Flying Corps 1912, in favour of an Army Air Corps (circa 1910). The Royal Air "Force" was adopted in 1918, again to distance itself from its birth in the Army. The current UK Army Air Corps (circa 1957 - there was an itteration between 1941 - 1950) is much, much smaller than the original USAAC and operates akin to US Army Aviation.
You state that an Air Force might be required as an Air Corps might not be sufficient.
A Corps (in this sense - as opposed to a formation between a division and an Army) by definition is a structured military organisation / body of men (et al women ..PC) with specific specialisation - flying.
Ergo it can be as large a structure as you require it. So by definition an entire Air Corps could achieve dominance, superiority or supremacy.
Was not the US Army Air "Corps" made up of smaller Air "Forces"? Until there was a need to diferentiate the new USAF (circa 1950's) from its Army origins - the name was cosmetically changed.
The UK had a Army Royal Flying Corps 1912, in favour of an Army Air Corps (circa 1910). The Royal Air "Force" was adopted in 1918, again to distance itself from its birth in the Army. The current UK Army Air Corps (circa 1957 - there was an itteration between 1941 - 1950) is much, much smaller than the original USAAC and operates akin to US Army Aviation.
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ORAC,
You mentioned the concept of the existance of air supremacy while a tangible and operational surface to air threat is maintained by the enemy.
I contend that air supremacy is not attained until all counter-air threats are effectively removed. I do agree though that air superiority can be attained and maintained while enemy SA is still operational (you go round them).
I believe Air Dominance describes a temporary situation when the superior air power is in the process of destroying every counter-air asset by the enemy. The transition phase between air superiority and supremacy...IMHO
You mentioned the concept of the existance of air supremacy while a tangible and operational surface to air threat is maintained by the enemy.
I contend that air supremacy is not attained until all counter-air threats are effectively removed. I do agree though that air superiority can be attained and maintained while enemy SA is still operational (you go round them).
I believe Air Dominance describes a temporary situation when the superior air power is in the process of destroying every counter-air asset by the enemy. The transition phase between air superiority and supremacy...IMHO
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Dom superior position....hmmmmm!
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I understand that air superiority can be applied in a local sense, rather than theatre-wide, such as in SSSE's example with the F-15s. In fact, one could have a situation where Blue forces had air superiority in one part of the theatre and Orange had it in another, the net result being that nobody had air supremacy.
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A Quick glance here
"GOVERNMENT - Why the F/A-22?
Air Dominance
F/A-22 capabilities distill nearly all requisite theater enablers into a single platform:-
Stealth
Supercruise
High-Altitude
Integrated Avionics
Dominant Air-to-Air Capability
Significant Lethal Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) Capability
Substantial Precision Strike Capability
Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) Capability
Network Expansion"
I believe a PC game came out quite a few years ago also, named "F-22 Air Dominance Fighter" when it was still in the YF-22 stage.
"GOVERNMENT - Why the F/A-22?
Air Dominance
F/A-22 capabilities distill nearly all requisite theater enablers into a single platform:-
Stealth
Supercruise
High-Altitude
Integrated Avionics
Dominant Air-to-Air Capability
Significant Lethal Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) Capability
Substantial Precision Strike Capability
Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR) Capability
Network Expansion"
I believe a PC game came out quite a few years ago also, named "F-22 Air Dominance Fighter" when it was still in the YF-22 stage.