Go to
http://www.fromtheflightdeck.com/
click on engine training and you will learn what you need to know from a pilots perspective
Engine terminology (stall/surge) begins at the designer's level and is then promulgated into the training level (Procedures/simulators etc.)
Unfortunately by the time it got to the simulator training sylabus the words were not understood, nor the engine failure model representative.
There can be many levels to this discussion (how engines fail and what are the symptoms) but the minimum that the crew probably needs to know is contained in the link above.